Improvement in testing-machines



"n.NcEnERo TESTING-MACHINES.

` Patented Aug.14,1877

` Naf-194,129.

OGRAFHER. WASHINGTON D C UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

`RAPHAEL oEnERo,

oF'HAvANA, oUBA.

Specication forming part of Letters Patent No. 194,129, `dated August 14,1877; application filed May 1, 1877. y l

To all lwhom it may concern Be it known that I, RAPHAEL CERERO, of Havana, Cuba, have invented anew and useful Improvement in Apparatus for Testing the Strength of Materials, of `which the following is a specication:

My invention relates to certain improvements in hydraulic apparatus for testing the resistance of materials 5 and the object of my invention is to construct a cheap and compact machine of this class which can be used to determine resistance to either tension, compres sion, deilection, or torsion. This object 1 attain in the manner which I will now proceed to describe, reference being had to the accompanying drawing, in which#- Figure lis a longitudinal vertical section of my improved hydraulic testing apparatus, and Fig. 2 a transverse section of the same.

The base of the machine consists of a heavy metal plate, A, supported at the corners upon screws a, the heads of which are made convex, and are adapted to concave recesses in blocks b, secured to the foundation B of the machine. By operating these screws, the proper adjustment of the machine can always be insured when the foundation itselil is uneven.

To the top of the base YA is bolted a ange, c, at the lower end of a hydraulic cylinder, D, to which is adapted a piston, d, having a rod, d', which extends through the lower end of the cylinder, and is connected below the same to a cross-head, E, provided at each end with bars e, which extend through openings in the frame A, and are connected above to a crosshead, F, similar to the cross-head E.

The head Gr of the cylinder D is made hollow,

and the chamber H, which it incloses, is util-l ized as a reservoir for containing water for the pump I. This pump is located in the center of the chamber H, and consists of a'barrel, f, communicating with the interior ot' the cylinder D, and furnished with a suitable checkvalve, and with a piston, g, which is adapted to the pump-barrel, and is tubular at its lower end, thus forming a passage closed at the lower end by a check-valve, and communicating at its upper end with the chamber H of the cylinder-head G.

The piston g is operated by an arm, z', upon a shaft, j, one end of which extends through one side of the head Gr, and is provided with a lever, J.

A similar device to that just described is arranged at the lower portion of the cylinder D, below the piston d, and serves to restore said piston to its normal or elevated position after it has been depressed. The water above the piston in this case takes its course through end an eye, p, a similar eye, q, being formed on the crosshead F.

Hung to the upper cross-head F is a lever, t, the long arm of which carries a plate, u, while its short arm is connected by means of a rod, o, to the long` arm of a lever, w, hung to the lower crosshead E, and bearing, at a point close to the pivot, upon lugs s projecting from the end of the piston-rod d'.

This deviceis intended to test the accuracy of the usual gage employed in connection with the press by applying said gage to the upper cross-head F, and then placing suitable weights on the plate a. This causes a downward movement ofthe cross-heads, and this movement is registered by the gage, so that by comparing the record of the gage with the known amount ot' downward pressure which the weights on the plate u exert upon the cross-heads, the accuracy of the gage can be readily determined.

The mode of ascertaining thel resistance to tension by the above apparatus is as follows: One end of the article to be tested is iirmly secured to the eye p of the bolt P, and the` other end to the eye g of the cross-head F. Upon operating the press the article will be stretched, the degree of resistance being registered by the gage.

In determining the resistance of material to deiiection, the opposite ends of the bar or strip are rested upon stout trestles X X, placed at a proper distance apart, and the eye q of the cross-head F is connected in any suitable manner to the center of the strip.

The degree of deiiection can be ascertained by any suitable instrument.

In determining resistance to compression, supplementary bars are secured to the upper ends of the bars e above the cross-head F, these bars extending to a point above the entablature M, and being there furnished with a cross-head, y. The article to be tested is thus compressed between said cross-head y and the upper surface of the entablature M, the central bolt P of which had been previously removed. The resistance of the article to compression .may be ascertained by the same instrument which recorded the resistance, to tension.

In determining resistance to torsion, a wheel, Z, is firmly secured to the ro'l or bar to be tested, and to the periphery of this wheel is securely fastened one end of a rope or chain, the opposite end of which passes down through the opening in the entablature M, (the bolt P having been removed,) and is secured to the eye q of the cross-head P.

The extent of torsion will be governed partly by the pressure upon the pistou ot' the cylinwants of builders and con-tractors, as it can be readily transported from place to place, and

ltogether by bars, and with the entablature supported on columns independent of the press, as set forth.

2. The combination of the cross-head F and its eye q with the entablature M and its bolt P, having an eye, p.

3. The combination of the cylinder D with the head G, its water-chamber H, and pump I.

4. The combination of the cross-heads E and F, and their levers t and w, with the lugs s, rod o, and plate u.

5. rlhe combination of the lhollow cylinderhead Gr and its pump I with the shaft j, its arm i, and operating-lever J, as described.

6. The combination of the cylinder, the pump-barrel, and its check-valve, with the passage m and valve n.

7. The combination of the'base A and its bolts a, with rounded heads, with the foundation B, as specied.

1n testimony whereof I have signed .my name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

RAPHAEL GERERO.

Witnesses I. N. SCHMIDT, J os. RAPHEE. 

